Toe Clips
Toe Clips are stirrup-like devices that attach to pedals. They are normally used with leather or fabric straps. Actually, the straps are more important than the clips, but without the clips it is nearly impossible to get into the straps, because the clips hold the straps open, allowing the rider to slip into them
Up until the late '80s, the choice was between plain pedals or pedals with toe clips and straps. Since "clipless" pedals provided a way to have a secure attachment to the pedal without the use of toe clips, the name stuck, even though it is sometimes confusing to newcomers.
"Clipless" or "Step-in" pedals use a mechanism similar to a ski binding. In fact the first successful system was made by a ski binding manufacturer, Look. Clipless pedals use a cleat which is bolted to the bottom of the shoe. When the rider steps on the pedal with the cleat, the cleat locks into the pedals mechanism, and is held firmly in place. Some systems hold the foot at a fixed angle, others allow various amounts of "float", or angular rotation of the foot on the pedal.
With most clipless pedal systems, the foot is disengaged by twisting the heel outward. Some of the earlier systems, such as the pioneering Cinelli model, required the rider to reach down and operate a release mechanism by hand. This style is sometimes jocularly referred to as "death cleats."
Cleat
A leather, plastic or metal fitting attched to the bottom of a cycling shoe to provide positive engagement with the pedal.
Classic cleats for use with toe-clip pedals had a simple slot that fitted over the rear edge of the pedal. This provided a consistent position of the foot on the pedal, both in terms of centering the ball of the foot over the pedal spindle, and maintaining the desired foot angle on the pedal.
Up until the late '70's, cleats were leather or aluminum, and were nailed onto the bottom of the shoe with many tiny nails. The usual procedure was to have the cyclist ride for a while without the cleats, until the pedal would make a mark on the sole of the shoe. This mark would then be used as a guide to locate where the cleat should be nailed on.
In the '70's, adjustable plastic cleats were introduced, and immediately rendered the nail-on system obsolete...unfortunately, they also precipitated a rash of knee injuries, because riders would adjust them by pure guesswork, and this often caused un-natural stresses on their knees. The invention of the Fit-Kit R.A.D. made it possible to adjust this type of cleat even more accurately than the old sole-impression system.
Cleats for clipless pedals are made of metal or plastic, and lock into the pedal mechanism. They are adjusted in the same manner as the adjustable cleats of the '70's.
Before the invention of clipless pedals, classic cleats were the only way to provide positive, accurate shoe/pedal attachment. They were rather dangerous, however. If the straps were overtightened, it could become impossible to get your foot out in an emergency, and many embarrasing falls have resulted from this. They also were slippery and hazardous to walk on.
Modern clipless pedals have solved these problems, and, in my opinion, nobody should still be using classic cleats. Now that there is an alternative, they are just not worth the risk.
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